Basic Math Mode Commands
This page lists the main commands for producing basic symbols and
operators in math mode.
NOTE: The default view of this page (with the .html
file extension) is actually the Legacy Web Pages
output! If you want to see MathML versions of this page, look at the
Web Output Samples page for details.
Entering and Leaving math Mode
SnuggleTeX supports the usual LaTeX commands for entering and leaving
math mode:
- $...$
- \(...\)
- \begin{math}...\end{math}
all produce inline mathematics, whereas:
- $$...$$
- \[...\]
- \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
all produce "display" mathematics. The eqnarray and eqnarray*
environments also enter math mode.
SnuggleTeX also supports the \ensuremath{...} command.
Basic Mathematics
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Input |
Result |
Notes |
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$ -5.32 $ |
-5.32 |
Simple number. (Currently SnuggleTeX only understands UK number
formats but this will improve soon…) |
$ x $ |
x |
An identifier |
$ x+1 \over 3y $ |
 |
Old style fractions |
$ \frac{x+1}{3y} $ |
 |
New style fractions |
$ x^2 $ |
x2 |
Simple superscript example |
$ x^{2^{y-z}} $ |
x2y-z |
Complex superscript example |
$ (x_1, x_2) $ |
(x1,x2) |
Subscript example. |
$ x_1^2 $ |
 |
Mix of subscripts and superscripts |
$ \sqrt{x} $ |
 |
Square roots |
$ \sqrt[n]{x} $ |
![$\sqrt[n]{x}$](/snuggletex/documentation/math-mode/mathml-4.png) |
roots |
Greek Letters
As is normal here, note that commands are only required for upper case letters
if there is no standard roman alphabet equivalent.
Input |
Result |
Input |
Result |
$ \alpha $ |
α |
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$ \beta $ |
β |
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$ \gamma $ |
γ |
$ \Gamma $ |
Γ |
$ \delta $ |
δ |
$ \Delta $ |
Δ |
$ \epsilon $ |
ϵ |
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$ \varepsilon $ |
ε |
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$ \zeta $ |
ζ |
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$ \eta $ |
η |
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$ \theta $ |
θ |
$ \Theta $ |
Θ |
$ \vartheta $ |
ϑ |
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$ \iota $ |
ι |
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$ \kappa $ |
κ |
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$ \lambda $ |
λ |
$ \Lambda $ |
Λ |
$ \mu $ |
μ |
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$ \nu $ |
ν |
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$ \xi $ |
ξ |
$ \Xi $ |
Ξ |
$ \pi $ |
π |
$ \Pi $ |
Π |
$ \varpi $ |
ϖ |
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$ \rho $ |
ρ |
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$ \varrho $ |
ϱ |
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$ \sigma $ |
σ |
$ \Sigma $ |
Σ |
$ \varsigma $ |
ς |
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$ \tau $ |
τ |
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$ \upsilon $ |
υ |
$ \Upsilon $ |
Υ |
$ \phi $ |
φ |
$ \Phi $ |
Φ |
$ \varphi $ |
ϕ |
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$ \chi $ |
χ |
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$ \psi $ |
ψ |
$ \Psi $ |
Ψ |
$ \omega $ |
ω |
$ \Omega $ |
Ω |
Mathematical Functions
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Input |
Result |
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$ \arccos x $ |
arccosx |
$ \arcsin x $ |
arcsinx |
$ \arctan x $ |
arctanx |
$ \arg x $ |
argx |
$ \cos x $ |
cosx |
$ \cosh x $ |
coshx |
$ \cot x $ |
cotx |
$ \coth x $ |
cothx |
$ \csc x $ |
cscx |
$ \deg x $ |
degx |
$ \det x $ |
detx |
$ \dim x $ |
dimx |
$ \exp x $ |
expx |
$ \gcd x $ |
gcdx |
$ \hom x $ |
homx |
$ \inf x $ |
infx |
$ \ker x $ |
kerx |
$ \lg x $ |
lgx |
$ \lim x $ |
limx |
$ \liminf x $ |
lim infx |
$ \limsup x $ |
lim supx |
$ \ln x $ |
lnx |
$ \log x $ |
logx |
$ \max x $ |
maxx |
$ \min x $ |
minx |
$ \Pr x $ |
Prx |
$ \sec x $ |
secx |
$ \sin x $ |
sinx |
$ \sinh x $ |
sinhx |
$ \sup x $ |
supx |
$ \tan x $ |
tanx |
$ \tanh x $ |
tanhx |
Ellipses
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Input |
Result |
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$ \cdots $ |
⋯ |
$ \vdots $ |
⋮ |
$ \ddots $ |
⋱ |
Spacing
Note that MathML-enabled browsers don’t support spacing particularly well.
You can also use the \hspace command to enter specific amounts of spacing.
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Input |
Result |
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$ a\!b $ |
a b |
$ a\,b $ |
a b |
$ a\:b $ |
a b |
$ a\;b $ |
a b |
$ a\quad b $ |
a b |
$ a\qquad b $ |
a b |
$ a\hspace{3.0em}b $ |
a b |
Variable-sized symbols
Note that some of the more exotic operators may require extra fonts installed.
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Input |
Result |
Input (Displaymath) |
Result |
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$ \sum_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
 |
$$ \sum_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \prod_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
 |
$$ \prod_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \coprod_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
 |
$$ \coprod_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \int_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \int_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \oint_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \oint_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigcap_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
 |
$$ \bigcap_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigcup_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \bigcup_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigsqcup_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \bigsqcup_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigvee_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \bigvee_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigwedge_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \bigwedge_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigodot_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \bigodot_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigotimes_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
 |
$$ \bigotimes_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \bigoplus_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
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$$ \bigoplus_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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$ \biguplus_a^b A_{\lambda} $ |
 |
$$ \biguplus_a^b A_{\lambda} $$ |
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Binary Operators
As with LaTeX, we support the \not command to negate certain operators. Only
the ones listed in the table below are supported.
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Input |
Result |
Input (negated) |
Result |
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$ \pm $ |
± |
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$ \mp $ |
∓ |
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$ \times $ |
× |
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$ \div $ |
÷ |
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$ \ast $ |
∗ |
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$ \star $ |
⋆ |
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$ \circ $ |
∘ |
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$ \bullet $ |
• |
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$ \cdot $ |
⋅ |
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$ \cap $ |
∩ |
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$ \cup $ |
∪ |
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$ \uplus $ |
⊎ |
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$ \sqcap $ |
⊓ |
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$ \sqcup $ |
⊔ |
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$ \vee $ |
∨ |
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$ \lor $ |
∨ |
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$ \wedge $ |
∧ |
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$ \land $ |
∧ |
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$ \setminus $ |
∖ |
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$ \wr $ |
≀ |
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$ \diamond $ |
⋄ |
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$ \bigtriangleup $ |
△ |
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$ \bigtriangledown $ |
▽ |
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$ \triangleleft $ |
⊲ |
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$ \triangleright $ |
⊳ |
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$ \oplus $ |
⊕ |
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$ \ominus $ |
⊖ |
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$ \otimes $ |
⊗ |
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$ \oslash $ |
⊘ |
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$ \odot $ |
⊙ |
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$ \bigcirc $ |
○ |
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$ \dagger $ |
† |
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$ \ddagger $ |
‡ |
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$ \amalg $ |
⨿ |
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$ \leq $ |
≤ |
$ \not \leq $ |
≰ |
$ \le $ |
≤ |
$ \not \le $ |
≰ |
$ \prec $ |
≺ |
$ \not \prec $ |
⊀ |
$ \preceq $ |
≼ |
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$ \ll $ |
≪ |
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$ \subset $ |
⊂ |
$ \not \subset $ |
⊄ |
$ \subseteq $ |
⊆ |
$ \not \subseteq $ |
⊈ |
$ \sqsubset $ |
⊏ |
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$ \sqsubseteq $ |
⊑ |
$ \not \sqsubseteq $ |
⋢ |
$ \in $ |
∈ |
$ \not \in $ |
∉ |
$ \vdash $ |
⊢ |
$ \not \vdash $ |
⊬ |
$ \geq $ |
≥ |
$ \not \geq $ |
≱ |
$ \ge $ |
≥ |
$ \not \ge $ |
≱ |
$ \succ $ |
≻ |
$ \not \succ $ |
⊁ |
$ \succeq $ |
≽ |
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$ \gg $ |
≫ |
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$ \supset $ |
⊃ |
$ \not \supset $ |
⊅ |
$ \supseteq $ |
⊇ |
$ \not \supseteq $ |
⊉ |
$ \sqsupset $ |
⊐ |
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$ \sqsupseteq $ |
⊒ |
$ \not \sqsupseteq $ |
⋣ |
$ \ni $ |
∋ |
$ \not \ni $ |
∌ |
$ \dashv $ |
⊣ |
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$ \equiv $ |
≡ |
$ \not \equiv $ |
≢ |
$ \sim $ |
∼ |
$ \not \sim $ |
≁ |
$ \simeq $ |
≃ |
$ \not \simeq $ |
≄ |
$ \asymp $ |
≍ |
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$ \approx $ |
≈ |
$ \not \approx $ |
≉ |
$ \cong $ |
≅ |
$ \not \cong $ |
≆ |
$ \neq $ |
≠ |
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$ \doteq $ |
≐ |
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$ \notin $ |
∉ |
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$ \models $ |
⊨ |
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$ \perp $ |
⊥ |
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$ \mid $ |
∣ |
$ \not \mid $ |
∤ |
$ \parallel $ |
∥ |
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$ \bowtie $ |
⋈ |
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$ \smile $ |
⌣ |
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$ \frown $ |
⌢ |
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$ \propto $ |
∝ |
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SnuggleTeX also supports \stackrel to make stacked operators:
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Input |
Result |
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$ 1 \stackrel{2}{+} y $ |
 |
Arrows
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Input |
Result |
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$ \leftarrow $ |
← |
$ \Leftarrow $ |
⇐ |
$ \rightarrow $ |
→ |
$ \Rightarrow $ |
⇒ |
$ \leftrightarrow $ |
↔ |
$ \Leftrightarrow $ |
⇔ |
$ \mapsto $ |
↦ |
$ \hookleftarrow $ |
↩ |
$ \leftharpoonup $ |
↼ |
$ \leftharpoondown $ |
↽ |
$ \rightleftharpoons $ |
⇌ |
$ \longleftarrow $ |
← |
$ \Longleftarrow $ |
⇐ |
$ \longrightarrow $ |
→ |
$ \Longrightarrow $ |
⇒ |
$ \longleftrightarrow $ |
↔ |
$ \Longleftrightarrow $ |
⇔ |
$ \longmapsto $ |
↦ |
$ \hookrightarrow $ |
↪ |
$ \rightharpoonup $ |
⇀ |
$ \rightharpoondown $ |
⇁ |
$ \uparrow $ |
↑ |
$ \Uparrow $ |
⇑ |
$ \downarrow $ |
↓ |
$ \Downarrow $ |
⇓ |
$ \updownarrow $ |
↕ |
$ \Updownarrow $ |
⇕ |
$ \nearrow $ |
↗ |
$ \searrow $ |
↘ |
$ \swarrow $ |
↙ |
$ \nwarrow $ |
↖ |
Miscellaneous Maths Symbols
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Input |
Result |
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$ \aleph $ |
ℵ |
$ \imath $ |
ı |
$ \jmath $ |
j |
$ \ell $ |
ℓ |
$ \wp $ |
℘ |
$ \Re $ |
ℜ |
$ \Im $ |
ℑ |
$ \mho $ |
℧ |
$ \prime $ |
′ |
$ \emptyset $ |
∅ |
$ \nabla $ |
∇ |
$ \surd $ |
√ |
$ \top $ |
⊤ |
$ \bot $ |
⊥ |
$ \angle $ |
∠ |
$ \forall $ |
∀ |
$ \exists $ |
∃ |
$ \neg $ |
¬ |
$ \lnot $ |
¬ |
$ \flat $ |
♭ |
$ \natural $ |
♮ |
$ \sharp $ |
♯ |
$ \backslash $ |
\ |
$ \partial $ |
∂ |
$ \infty $ |
∞ |
$ \triangle $ |
▵ |
$ \clubsuit $ |
♣ |
$ \diamondsuit $ |
♢ |
$ \heartsuit $ |
♡ |
$ \spadesuit $ |
♠ |
$ \hbar $ |
ℏ |
$ \aa $ |
å |
$ \AA $ |
Å |
$ \| $ |
∥ |
Mathematical Accents
Some of these do not work particularly well in some cases, so it is wise to check the
results on all of the browsers that you need to support!
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Input (narrow) |
Result |
Input (wide) |
Result |
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$ \hat{x} $ |
 |
$ \hat{x-y} $ |
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$ \bar{x} $ |
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$ \bar{x-y} $ |
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$ \vec{x} $ |
 |
$ \vec{x-y} $ |
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$ \dot{x} $ |
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$ \dot{x-y} $ |
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$ \ddot{x} $ |
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$ \ddot{x-y} $ |
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$ \tilde{x} $ |
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$ \tilde{x-y} $ |
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$ \widehat{x} $ |
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$ \widehat{x-y} $ |
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$ \widetilde{x} $ |
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$ \widetilde{x-y} $ |
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$ \overline{x} $ |
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$ \overline{x-y} $ |
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$ \overbrace{x} $ |
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$ \overbrace{x-y} $ |
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$ \underbrace{x} $ |
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$ \underbrace{x-y} $ |
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$ \overrightarrow{x} $ |
 |
$ \overrightarrow{x-y} $ |
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$ \overleftarrow{x} $ |
 |
$ \overleftarrow{x-y} $ |
 |
$ \underline{x} $ |
 |
$ \underline{x-y} $ |
 |
Stretchy Parentheses
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Input (narrow) |
Result |
Input (wide) |
Result |
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$ \left( x \right) $ |
(x) |
$ \left( \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right) $ |
 |
$ \left[ x \right] $ |
[x] |
$ \left[ \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right] $ |
![$\left[ \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right]$](/snuggletex/documentation/math-mode/mathml-64.png) |
$ \left\{ x \right\} $ |
{x} |
$ \left\{ \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right\} $ |
 |
$ \left\vert x \right\vert $ |
|x| |
$ \left\vert \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right\vert $ |
 |
$ \left\Vert x \right\Vert $ |
∥x∥ |
$ \left\Vert \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right\Vert $ |
 |
$ \left< x \right> $ |
〈x〉 |
$ \left< \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right> $ |
 |
$ \left. x \right) $ |
x) |
$ \left. \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right) $ |
 |
$ \left[ x \right. $ |
[x |
$ \left[ \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right. $ |
 |
Math Fonts
These LaTeX commands apply a particular mathematical style to their arguments. Note
that some styles are not supported well by some browsers.
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Input |
Result |
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$ \mathrm{xyz} + xyz $ |
 |
$ \mathsf{xyz} + xyz $ |
 |
$ \mathit{xyz} + xyz $ |
 |
$ \mathbf{xyz} + xyz $ |
 |
$ \mathtt{xyz} + xyz $ |
 |
Text inside Maths
SnuggleTeX supports the traditional \mbox command to enter LR mode from
within math mode. It also supports \textrm and friends.
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Input |
Result |
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$ 1\mbox{ if $x=3$} $ |
1 if x=3 |
$ 1\textrm{ if $x=3$} $ |
 |
$ 1\textsf{ if $x=3$} $ |
 |
$ 1\textit{ if $x=3$} $ |
 |
$ 1\textsl{ if $x=3$} $ |
1 if x=3 |
$ 1\textsc{ if $x=3$} $ |
1 if x=3 |
$ 1\textbf{ if $x=3$} $ |
 |
$ 1\texttt{ if $x=3$} $ |
 |
$ 1\emph{ if $x=3$} $ |
 |
Mathematical Structures
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Input |
Result |
Notes |
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\begin{eqnarray*}
x & = & y \\
& = & z
\end{eqnarray*} |
|
This is a standard LaTeX eqnarray*.
SnuggleTeX also supports eqnarray, though labelling is not supported so it
behaves exactly like eqnarray*.
|
\[
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{array}
\right)
\] |
|
This uses the array environment combined with stretchy brackets to make a matrix. |
\[
\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{matrix}
\] |
|
SnuggleTeX supports the convenient AMS-LaTeX matrix environment… |
\[
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{pmatrix}
\] |
|
…and pmatrix… |
\[
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{bmatrix}
\] |
|
…and bmatrix… |
\[
\begin{Bmatrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{Bmatrix}
\] |
|
…and Bmatrix… |
\[
\begin{vmatrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{vmatrix}
\] |
|
…and vmatrix… |
\[
\begin{Vmatrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{Vmatrix}
\] |
|
…and Vmatrix. |
\[
A=\begin{cases}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{cases}
\] |
|
Another useful AMS-LaTeX environment environment. |
Variant Characters
This is one area of MathML which cause practical issues in browsers, usually due to a lack
of fonts. By default, SnuggleTeX adds mathvariant attributes to the MathML whenever
variant fonts like "script" (a.k.a. "calligraphic"), "fraktur" and "double-struck" are used,
leaving the browser to use an appropriate font. By default, Firefox doesn’t do anything here
so, like similar conversion tools, SnuggleTeX can also try to remap certain "safe" characters
to other symbols that users are likely to have installed. The output below demonstrates this.
|
|
Input |
Result |
|
|
$ \mathcal{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} $ |
abcdℯfℊhijklmnℴpqrstuvwxyz |
$ \mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} $ |
AℬCDℰℱGℋℐJKℒℳNOPQℛSTUVWXYZ |
$ \mathsc{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} $ |
abcdℯfℊhijklmnℴpqrstuvwxyz |
$ \mathsc{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} $ |
AℬCDℰℱGℋℐJKℒℳNOPQℛSTUVWXYZ |
$ \mathbb{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} $ |
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz |
$ \mathbb{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} $ |
ABℂDEFGℍIJKLMℕOℙℚℝSTUVWXYℤ |
$ \mathfrak{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} $ |
abcdℯfℊhijklmnℴpqrstuvwxyz |
$ \mathfrak{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} $ |
ABℭDEFGℌℑJKLMNOPQℛSTUVWXYℨ |