## Basic Math Mode Commands

NOTE: This particular rendition of this page has been generated using the MOZILLA Web Page Type.

This page lists the main commands for producing basic symbols and operators in math mode.

NOTE: The default view of this page (with the .html file extension) is actually the Legacy Web Pages output! If you want to see MathML versions of this page, look at the Web Output Samples page for details.

### Entering and Leaving math Mode

SnuggleTeX supports the usual LaTeX commands for entering and leaving math mode:

• $...$
• $$...$$
• \begin{math}...\end{math}

all produce inline mathematics, whereas:

• $$...$$
• $...$
• \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}

all produce "display" mathematics. The eqnarray and eqnarray* environments also enter math mode.

SnuggleTeX also supports the \ensuremath{...} command.

### Basic Mathematics

 Input Result Notes $-5.32$ $-5.32$ Simple number. (Currently SnuggleTeX only understands UK number formats but this will improve soon…) $x$ $x$ An identifier $x+1 \over 3y$ $\frac{x+1}{3y}$ Old style fractions $\frac{x+1}{3y}$ $\frac{x+1}{3y}$ New style fractions $x^2$ ${x}^{2}$ Simple superscript example $x^{2^{y-z}}$ ${x}^{{2}^{y-z}}$ Complex superscript example $(x_1, x_2)$ $\left({x}_{1},{x}_{2}\right)$ Subscript example. $x_1^2$ ${x}_{1}^{2}$ Mix of subscripts and superscripts $\sqrt{x}$ $\sqrt{x}$ Square roots $\sqrt[n]{x}$ $\sqrt[n]{x}$ ${n}^{th}$ roots

### Greek Letters

As is normal here, note that commands are only required for upper case letters if there is no standard roman alphabet equivalent.

 Input Result Input Result $\alpha$ $\alpha$ $\beta$ $\beta$ $\gamma$ $\gamma$ $\Gamma$ $\Gamma$ $\delta$ $\delta$ $\Delta$ $\Delta$ $\epsilon$ $ϵ$ $\varepsilon$ $\epsilon$ $\zeta$ $\zeta$ $\eta$ $\eta$ $\theta$ $\theta$ $\Theta$ $\Theta$ $\vartheta$ $\vartheta$ $\iota$ $\iota$ $\kappa$ $\kappa$ $\lambda$ $\lambda$ $\Lambda$ $\Lambda$ $\mu$ $\mu$ $\nu$ $\nu$ $\xi$ $\xi$ $\Xi$ $\Xi$ $\pi$ $\pi$ $\Pi$ $\Pi$ $\varpi$ $\varpi$ $\rho$ $\rho$ $\varrho$ $\varrho$ $\sigma$ $\sigma$ $\Sigma$ $\Sigma$ $\varsigma$ $\varsigma$ $\tau$ $\tau$ $\upsilon$ $\upsilon$ $\Upsilon$ $Υ$ $\phi$ $\phi$ $\Phi$ $\Phi$ $\varphi$ $\varphi$ $\chi$ $\chi$ $\psi$ $\psi$ $\Psi$ $\Psi$ $\omega$ $\omega$ $\Omega$ $\Omega$

### Mathematical Functions

 Input Result $\arccos x$ $\mathrm{arccos}x$ $\arcsin x$ $\mathrm{arcsin}x$ $\arctan x$ $\mathrm{arctan}x$ $\arg x$ $\mathrm{arg}x$ $\cos x$ $\mathrm{cos}x$ $\cosh x$ $\mathrm{cosh}x$ $\cot x$ $\mathrm{cot}x$ $\coth x$ $\mathrm{coth}x$ $\csc x$ $\mathrm{csc}x$ $\deg x$ $\mathrm{deg}x$ $\det x$ $\mathrm{det}x$ $\dim x$ $\mathrm{dim}x$ $\exp x$ $\mathrm{exp}x$ $\gcd x$ $\mathrm{gcd}x$ $\hom x$ $\mathrm{hom}x$ $\inf x$ $\mathrm{inf}x$ $\ker x$ $\mathrm{ker}x$ $\lg x$ $\mathrm{lg}x$ $\lim x$ $\mathrm{lim}x$ $\liminf x$ $\mathrm{lim inf}x$ $\limsup x$ $\mathrm{lim sup}x$ $\ln x$ $\mathrm{ln}x$ $\log x$ $\mathrm{log}x$ $\max x$ $\mathrm{max}x$ $\min x$ $\mathrm{min}x$ $\Pr x$ $\mathrm{Pr}x$ $\sec x$ $\mathrm{sec}x$ $\sin x$ $\mathrm{sin}x$ $\sinh x$ $\mathrm{sinh}x$ $\sup x$ $\mathrm{sup}x$ $\tan x$ $\mathrm{tan}x$ $\tanh x$ $\mathrm{tanh}x$

### Ellipses

 Input Result $\cdots$ $\cdots$ $\vdots$ $⋮$ $\ddots$ $\ddots$

### Spacing

Note that MathML-enabled browsers don’t support spacing particularly well. You can also use the \hspace command to enter specific amounts of spacing.

 Input Result $a\!b$ $a\phantom{\rule{-0.167em}{0ex}}b$ $a\,b$ $a\phantom{\rule{0.167em}{0ex}}b$ $a\:b$ $a\phantom{\rule{0.222em}{0ex}}b$ $a\;b$ $a\phantom{\rule{0.278em}{0ex}}b$ $a\quad b$ $a\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}b$ $a\qquad b$ $a\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}b$ $a\hspace{3.0em}b$ $a\phantom{\rule{3.0em}{0ex}}b$

### Variable-sized symbols

Note that some of the more exotic operators may require extra fonts installed.

 Input Result Input (Displaymath) Result $\sum_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\sum }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\sum_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\sum _{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\prod_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\prod }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\prod_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\prod _{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\coprod_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\coprod }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\coprod_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\coprod _{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\int_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\int }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\int_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ ${\int }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\oint_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\oint }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\oint_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{\oint }}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigcap_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\bigcap }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigcap_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\bigcap _{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigcup_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\bigcup }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigcup_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\bigcup _{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigsqcup_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${⨆}_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigsqcup_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{⨆}}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigvee_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\bigvee }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigvee_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{\bigvee }}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigwedge_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${\bigwedge }_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigwedge_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{\bigwedge }}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigodot_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${⨀}_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigodot_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{⨀}}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigotimes_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${⨂}_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigotimes_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{⨂}}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\bigoplus_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${⨁}_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\bigoplus_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{⨁}}{A}_{\lambda }$ $\biguplus_a^b A_{\lambda}$ ${⨄}_{a}^{b}{A}_{\lambda }$ $$\biguplus_a^b A_{\lambda}$$ $\underset{a}{\overset{b}{⨄}}{A}_{\lambda }$

### Binary Operators

As with LaTeX, we support the \not command to negate certain operators. Only the ones listed in the table below are supported.

 Input Result Input (negated) Result $\pm$ $±$ $\mp$ $\mp$ $\times$ $×$ $\div$ $÷$ $\ast$ $\ast$ $\star$ $\star$ $\circ$ $\circ$ $\bullet$ $•$ $\cdot$ $\cdot$ $\cap$ $\cap$ $\cup$ $\cup$ $\uplus$ $\uplus$ $\sqcap$ $\sqcap$ $\sqcup$ $\bigsqcup$ $\vee$ $\vee$ $\lor$ $\vee$ $\wedge$ $\wedge$ $\land$ $\wedge$ $\setminus$ $\setminus$ $\wr$ $\wr$ $\diamond$ $\diamond$ $\bigtriangleup$ $△$ $\bigtriangledown$ $▽$ $\triangleleft$ $⊲$ $\triangleright$ $⊳$ $\oplus$ $\oplus$ $\ominus$ $\ominus$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\oslash$ $\oslash$ $\odot$ $\odot$ $\bigcirc$ $○$ $\dagger$ $†$ $\ddagger$ $‡$ $\amalg$ $⨿$ $\leq$ $\le$ $\not \leq$ $\nleqq$ $\le$ $\le$ $\not \le$ $\nleqq$ $\prec$ $\prec$ $\not \prec$ $\nprec$ $\preceq$ $\preccurlyeq$ $\ll$ $\ll$ $\subset$ $\subset$ $\not \subset$ $\not\subset$ $\subseteq$ $\subseteq$ $\not \subseteq$ $⊈$ $\sqsubset$ $⊏$ $\sqsubseteq$ $⊑$ $\not \sqsubseteq$ $⋢$ $\in$ $\in$ $\not \in$ $\notin$ $\vdash$ $⊢$ $\not \vdash$ $⊬$ $\geq$ $\ge$ $\not \geq$ $\ngeqq$ $\ge$ $\ge$ $\not \ge$ $\ngeqq$ $\succ$ $\succ$ $\not \succ$ $\nsucc$ $\succeq$ $\succcurlyeq$ $\gg$ $\gg$ $\supset$ $\supset$ $\not \supset$ $\not\supset$ $\supseteq$ $\supseteq$ $\not \supseteq$ $⊉$ $\sqsupset$ $⊐$ $\sqsupseteq$ $⊒$ $\not \sqsupseteq$ $⋣$ $\ni$ $\ni$ $\not \ni$ $\not\ni$ $\dashv$ $⊣$ $\equiv$ $\equiv$ $\not \equiv$ $\not\equiv$ $\sim$ $\sim$ $\not \sim$ $\nsim$ $\simeq$ $\simeq$ $\not \simeq$ $\not\simeq$ $\asymp$ $\asymp$ $\approx$ $\approx$ $\not \approx$ $\not\approx$ $\cong$ $\cong$ $\not \cong$ $≆$ $\neq$ $\ne$ $\doteq$ $\doteq$ $\notin$ $\notin$ $\models$ $\models$ $\perp$ $\perp$ $\mid$ $\mid$ $\not \mid$ $\nmid$ $\parallel$ $\parallel$ $\bowtie$ $\bowtie$ $\smile$ $⌣$ $\frown$ $⌢$ $\propto$ $\propto$

SnuggleTeX also supports \stackrel to make stacked operators:

 Input Result $1 \stackrel{2}{+} y$ $1\stackrel{2}{+}y$

### Arrows

 Input Result $\leftarrow$ $←$ $\Leftarrow$ $⇐$ $\rightarrow$ $\to$ $\Rightarrow$ $⇒$ $\leftrightarrow$ $↔$ $\Leftrightarrow$ $⇔$ $\mapsto$ $↦$ $\hookleftarrow$ $↩$ $\leftharpoonup$ $↼$ $\leftharpoondown$ $↽$ $\rightleftharpoons$ $⇌$ $\longleftarrow$ $←$ $\Longleftarrow$ $⇐$ $\longrightarrow$ $\to$ $\Longrightarrow$ $⇒$ $\longleftrightarrow$ $↔$ $\Longleftrightarrow$ $⇔$ $\longmapsto$ $↦$ $\hookrightarrow$ $↪$ $\rightharpoonup$ $⇀$ $\rightharpoondown$ $⇁$ $\uparrow$ $↑$ $\Uparrow$ $⇑$ $\downarrow$ $↓$ $\Downarrow$ $⇓$ $\updownarrow$ $↕$ $\Updownarrow$ $⇕$ $\nearrow$ $↗$ $\searrow$ $↘$ $\swarrow$ $↙$ $\nwarrow$ $↖$

### Variant Characters

This is one area of MathML which cause practical issues in browsers, usually due to a lack of fonts. By default, SnuggleTeX adds mathvariant attributes to the MathML whenever variant fonts like "script" (a.k.a. "calligraphic"), "fraktur" and "double-struck" are used, leaving the browser to use an appropriate font. By default, Firefox doesn’t do anything here so, like similar conversion tools, SnuggleTeX can also try to remap certain "safe" characters to other symbols that users are likely to have installed. The output below demonstrates this.

 Input Result $\mathcal{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$ $\mathcal{a}\mathcal{b}\mathcal{c}\mathcal{d}\mathcal{ℯ}\mathcal{f}\mathcal{ℊ}\mathcal{h}\mathcal{i}\mathcal{j}\mathcal{k}\mathcal{l}\mathcal{m}\mathcal{n}\mathcal{ℴ}\mathcal{p}\mathcal{q}\mathcal{r}\mathcal{s}\mathcal{t}\mathcal{u}\mathcal{v}\mathcal{w}\mathcal{x}\mathcal{y}\mathcal{z}$ $\mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$ $\mathcal{A}\mathcal{ℬ}\mathcal{C}\mathcal{D}\mathcal{ℰ}\mathcal{ℱ}\mathcal{G}\mathcal{ℋ}\mathcal{ℐ}\mathcal{J}\mathcal{K}\mathcal{ℒ}\mathcal{ℳ}\mathcal{N}\mathcal{O}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{Q}\mathcal{ℛ}\mathcal{S}\mathcal{T}\mathcal{U}\mathcal{V}\mathcal{W}\mathcal{X}\mathcal{Y}\mathcal{Z}$ $\mathsc{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$ $\mathcal{a}\mathcal{b}\mathcal{c}\mathcal{d}\mathcal{ℯ}\mathcal{f}\mathcal{ℊ}\mathcal{h}\mathcal{i}\mathcal{j}\mathcal{k}\mathcal{l}\mathcal{m}\mathcal{n}\mathcal{ℴ}\mathcal{p}\mathcal{q}\mathcal{r}\mathcal{s}\mathcal{t}\mathcal{u}\mathcal{v}\mathcal{w}\mathcal{x}\mathcal{y}\mathcal{z}$ $\mathsc{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$ $\mathcal{A}\mathcal{ℬ}\mathcal{C}\mathcal{D}\mathcal{ℰ}\mathcal{ℱ}\mathcal{G}\mathcal{ℋ}\mathcal{ℐ}\mathcal{J}\mathcal{K}\mathcal{ℒ}\mathcal{ℳ}\mathcal{N}\mathcal{O}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{Q}\mathcal{ℛ}\mathcal{S}\mathcal{T}\mathcal{U}\mathcal{V}\mathcal{W}\mathcal{X}\mathcal{Y}\mathcal{Z}$ $\mathbb{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$ $\mathbb{a}\mathbb{b}\mathbb{c}\mathbb{d}\mathbb{e}\mathbb{f}\mathbb{g}\mathbb{h}\mathbb{i}\mathbb{j}\mathbb{k}\mathbb{l}\mathbb{m}\mathbb{n}\mathbb{o}\mathbb{p}\mathbb{q}\mathbb{r}\mathbb{s}\mathbb{t}\mathbb{u}\mathbb{v}\mathbb{w}\mathbb{x}\mathbb{y}\mathbb{z}$ $\mathbb{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$ $\mathbb{A}\mathbb{B}\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{D}\mathbb{E}\mathbb{F}\mathbb{G}\mathbb{ℍ}\mathbb{I}\mathbb{J}\mathbb{K}\mathbb{L}\mathbb{M}\mathbb{ℕ}\mathbb{O}\mathbb{ℙ}\mathbb{ℚ}\mathbb{ℝ}\mathbb{S}\mathbb{T}\mathbb{U}\mathbb{V}\mathbb{W}\mathbb{X}\mathbb{Y}\mathbb{ℤ}$ $\mathfrak{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$ $\mathfrak{a}\mathfrak{b}\mathfrak{c}\mathfrak{d}\mathfrak{ℯ}\mathfrak{f}\mathfrak{ℊ}\mathfrak{h}\mathfrak{i}\mathfrak{j}\mathfrak{k}\mathfrak{l}\mathfrak{m}\mathfrak{n}\mathfrak{ℴ}\mathfrak{p}\mathfrak{q}\mathfrak{r}\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{t}\mathfrak{u}\mathfrak{v}\mathfrak{w}\mathfrak{x}\mathfrak{y}\mathfrak{z}$ $\mathfrak{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$ $\mathfrak{A}\mathfrak{B}\mathfrak{ℭ}\mathfrak{D}\mathfrak{E}\mathfrak{F}\mathfrak{G}\mathfrak{ℌ}\mathfrak{\Im }\mathfrak{J}\mathfrak{K}\mathfrak{L}\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{N}\mathfrak{O}\mathfrak{P}\mathfrak{Q}\mathfrak{ℛ}\mathfrak{S}\mathfrak{T}\mathfrak{U}\mathfrak{V}\mathfrak{W}\mathfrak{X}\mathfrak{Y}\mathfrak{ℨ}$