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%                       project length in weeks and submission date
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        {\Huge\bf School of Physics \\and Astronomy
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        \Large\bf Proposed Project Title\\
        \Large\bf MPhys Project  Report
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        \bf Victoria Martin\\                 % Replace with your name
        18th March 2011                         % Submission Date
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%                       Insert your abstract HERE
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\begin{abstract}
        The abstract is a short concise outline of your 
        project area, {\bf of no more than 100 words}.
\end{abstract}

\vspace*{1cm}

\vspace*{3cm}
Signature:\hspace*{8cm}Date:

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{\bf Supervisor:} Dr. A.N. Other                % Change to suit
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\lhead{Review report}
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\rfoot{Date: 18-03-11}
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{\bf \Large Personal Statement}


Personal Statement Along with the Project Report, you {\bf must} submit a
`Personal Statement' (PS) describing your project. The PS should help
the assessors understand what the different parts of the report
represent in terms of the work you actually did. Inaccuracy in or lack
of a PS would hinder the assessors and therefore lead to a reduced
grade.  

The PS should be written in a clear, informal style, in the
first person, and be limited to one A4 page. It should typically be
composed of statements such as: ``I initially spent two weeks reading
some review articles on the subject and I  summarised what I
learned in the Preparation report, an overview is given in the introduction of the Project report.''

\newpage

\section{Introduction}
This section should 
outline the background of your project work. As a guide, this section should be  
intelligible to other MPhys students doing projects in different areas
i.e.\@{} it should be accessible.

Your project preparation report will be redistributed to your markers - so you do not need to repeat any of the introductory material contained in that.  You may, of course, refer to the material in the project prep report, or summarise it very briefly.

In this section include what
you hope to achieve in the project. If appropriate you can give
summary of the report and what each section contains.



\section{Background or Theory}

Some, or even most of, of the background or theory for your project work may have been presented 
in your project preparation report.  You can refer to your  project preparation report, or summarise the salient points very briefly here.

If you need to add any more theory compared to what's in your prep report do it here. 


Any key references  and sources and enter them
into a {\tt BibTeX} file (see Appendix~\ref{sec:bibtex})
This allows easy numbered referencing of references.
Here you can edit the Bibtex file that you used for the
Preparation Report.

References should include papers in the scientific journals
\cite{jr:ashkin} 
and proceedings volumes \cite{seger},
and reference textbooks \cite{ob:bornwolf}.
Also where appropriate,
readable articles in popular science journals \cite{jr:dholakia},
and  standard textbooks \cite{ob:hechtoptics} may be included.


\section{Method}

Detailed  but readable description of the method by which
the work was carried out.
This section should be written in standard scientific language.
As in the previous sections standard techniques should not be written
out in detail. 
In computational projects this
section should be used to explain the algorithms used and the layout of
the computational code. A copy of the actual code may  be
given in the appendices if appropriate. 

This section should emphasise the philosophy of the approach used
and detail novel techniques. However
please note: this section in {\bf not} a blow-by-blow account of what
you did throughout the project, and in particular it should {\bf not} 
contain large detailed sections about things you tried and found to be
completely wrong. Remember you are writing a technical report, and
not a diary. If however you find that a technique that was expected to
work failed, that is a valid result and should be included.

Here logical structure is particularly important, and you may find that
to maintain good structure you may have to present the experiments
in a different order from the one in which you carried them out.



\section{Results and Discussion}

This section should detail the obtained results in a clear,
easy-to-follow manner.
It is important to  make clear what are original results and what
are repeats of previous experiments or benchmarking.
Remember long tables of numbers are just as boring to
read as they are to type-in. Use graphs to present your results where
-ever practicable. When quoting results or measurements
{\bf DO NOT FORGET ABOUT ERRORS}. Remember there are two basic types
of errors, these being random and systematic, which you must consider.
Remember also the difference between an error and a mistake, computer
program bugs are mistakes.

 
Again be selective in what you include. Half a dozen
tables that contain totally wrong data you collected while you forgot
to switch on the power supply are {\bf not relevant} and will frequently
mask the correct results. 

\begin{figure}[htb]     %Insert a figure as soon as possible
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=70mm]{KBmap.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:logo}The location of the lovely James Clerk Maxwell Building.}
\end{figure}

Your report  {\bf must} contain a discussion of the results. This should
include a discussion of the experimental and/or numerical errors, and a
comparison with the predictions of the background and theory underlying
the techniques used. This section should highlight particular strengths
and/or weaknesses of the methods used.

\section{Conclusion}

This section is very important as it gives a picture of what you have
taken out of your project and how you can put it into context.
This
section should summarise the results obtained, detail conclusions
reached, suggest future work, and changes that you would make if you
repeated the project.

You should aim to write a page or so for the conclusion section.


\section{References}

Don't forget this section. Detail the relevant references which
should be cited at the correct place in the text of the report. There
are no fixed rules as to how many references are {\it needed}. Generally
the longer the project, and the more background reading you had to do,
the more references will be required. 

When you cite a reference you must give sufficient information. For
example, for a journal article give, {\it Author}, {\it Title of
article},
{\it Journal Name}, {\it Volumn}, {\it Page}, and {\it Year}, 
while for a book give, {\it Author}, {\it Title},
{\it (Editor if there is one)}, {\it Publisher}, and {\it Year}.        


\appendix
\section{Appendices}

Material that is useful background to the report, but is not essential,
or whose inclusion within the report  would detract from its
structure and readablity, should be included in appendices. Typical
material could be diagrams of electronic circuits built, specialist
data tables used to analyse results, details of computer programs
written for analysis and display of results, photographic plates,
and, for computational projects, a copy of all written code.

Again be selective. The appendix is {\bf not} an excuse for you to add every
last detail and piece of data, but should be used to assist the reader
of the report by supplying additional material. Not all reports require
appendices and if the report is complete without this additional
material leave it out.




\section{Bibtex}
\label{sec:bibtex}

It is most convenient to use bibtex to compile your bibliography.
First you need to create a .bib file e.g.
you may call it ref.bib
Then you can put all your references into the file with entries such as
\begin{verbatim}
@Book{ob:bornwolf,
     author = "Born, M and Wolf, E",
     title  = "Principles of Optics",
     publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
     year = 1999,
     edition = {7th},
}

@Article{jr:ashkin,
Author = {A. Ashkin and J.M. Dziedzic and J.E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu},
Title = "Observation of a single beam gradient force optical tap for 
dielectric particles",
Journal = "Optics Letters",
Volume = 11,
Pages = "288-290",
Year = 1986}

@INPROCEEDINGS{seger,
 author = {J. Seger and H.J. Brockman},
 title = {What is bet-hedging?},
 editors={P.H. Harvey and L. Partridge},
 booktitle = {Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology},
 year={1987},
 page={18},
 publisher={Oxford University Press},
 place={Oxford}}
\end{verbatim}
for a book, an article in a journal or an article in a proceedings volume
respectively.

Inside your latex file
you should include 
\begin{verbatim}
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}                      
and
\bibliography{ref}
\end{verbatim}
The first command determines the reference style, here plain and 
unsorted. With this referencing style 
a numerical referencing system (which is now the most
common in physics literature) is used and the numbering of references
will be the order in which they appear in the document. Alternatively, 
you could use
a customised `style file' but there is no real need.  The second
command just inputs your .bib file Note that only the references cited
in the text will appear in the bibliography so you can have spare
references in your .bib file.


You use the name you have given to an entry (e.g.
for the book example above the name is ob:bornwolf)
to cite the relevant article
by using the cite command in your latex file e.g. 
\begin{verbatim}
\cite{ob:bornwolf}
\end{verbatim}


\section{Producing your documents using \texttt{pdflatex}}

To use pdflatex your figures need to be in pdf format.  You can convert almost any image file to pdf using \texttt{convert}.  e.g. \texttt{convert myfigure.png myfigure.pdf}.

The first time you should type:
\begin{verbatim}
  pdflatex ProjectReport
  bibtex ProjectReport
  pdflatex ProjectReport
  pdflatex ProjectReport
\end{verbatim} 
This first time you run\texttt{pdflatex} it will produce a \texttt{ProjectReport.aux}.  The \texttt{bibtex} command reads in the bibliography file and makes the files \texttt{ProjectReport.bbl} and \texttt{ProjectReport.blg} files.  
These files are read in the next \texttt{pdflatex} command, but you'll still have "undefined cross-reference" errors which are sorted out by the last \texttt{pdflatex} command.

Subsequently, you should only need to do one (or two) \texttt{pdflatex}s, or \texttt{pdfbibtex} followed by \texttt{latex} twice if you change any references.

\vspace{5mm}
You may also use plain \texttt{latex} instead of \texttt{pdflatex}.  This requires you to use postscript graphics instead of pdf.





\bibliographystyle{unsrt}                      % The reference style
%                This is plain and unsorted, so in the order
%                they appear in the documen`t.


\bibliography{PRreferences}       %



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